Important presidential elections :: history

Significant presidential decisions Probably the most significant presidential races 1812 The appointment of 1812 comprised of a fight between James Madison, and De Witt Clinton. Madison had spoken to both Democratic and Republican convictions, while Clinton was a Federalist. James Madison was conceived in Port Conway, Va., on March 16, 1751. A Princeton graduate, he joined the battle for autonomy on his arrival to Virginia in 1771. He had been a functioning government official in the 1770's and 1780's. He was extraordinarily know for supporting the Jefferson change program, and in the Continental Congress. Madison, in coordinated effort, had taken an interest enormously in the, Federalist, a paper who's primary intention was to endorse the constitution. Madison initially became president in 1809, when he bested Charles C. Pickney. He had driven the U.S. in a disagreeable war, wherein the U.S. hadn't been readied for...the War of 1812. De Witt Clinton was a Federalist, who's primary motivation behind the political race was to get the U.S. out of a war wherein he felt was pointless. DeWitt held each significant elective office in New York somewhere in the range of 1797 and 1828- - assemblyman, representative, chairman of New York City, lieutenant senator, and representative. He was a humanitarian and supporter of expressions of the human experience and science and, as channel magistrate, advocated development of the Erie and Champlain waterways. The strategy where these up-and-comers got selection was by the Electoral College, or by King Caucus. The possibility of political shows had not been available as of now. There were no outsider competitors in this political race. The significant issue of this political race was the War of 1812. The War of 1812, or Mr. Madison's War, had been disliked among various areas of America. For the most part the boat proprietors in New England. The war should secure. This war should support their delivery, however rather, it had shielded them from exchanging and bringing in cash. The victor of the appointment of 1812 was James Madison. Madison gathered 128 constituent votes, while Clinton got 89, and the quantity of No Votes Cast was 1. The Vice-presidential applicant, who won the political decision was Elbridge Gerry, who got 131 discretionary votes, while Jared Ingersoll got 86. There was no record of the quantity of mainstream votes in favor of this political race. My assessment of why Madison had won the political race is on the grounds that he had driven the nation into the War of 1812, and consequently, he ought to be permitted to battle it.

Maximum power transfer theorem Essay Example

Most extreme force move hypothesis Paper The change is utilized to build up identicalness for systems with three terminals. Where three components end at a typical hub and none are sources, the hub is dispensed with by changing the impedances. For proportionality, the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the equivalent for the two systems. The conditions given here are substantial for intricate just as genuine impedances Procedures: The force flexibly was killed. Furthermore, the multimeter was utilized to estimated the identical obstruction of the system in the past circuit we utilized =21. 5aâ ¦ The force gracefully was evacuated, we estimated again the comparable obstruction =28. 4aâ ¦ The outcome in sync 1 is littler than in sync 2. In sync 1 , the force flexibly has not been expelled, and it comprises inner opposition. As it interfaces corresponding to the circuit, the comparable opposition will be littler than without equal inner obstruction. The star-to delta or the delta â€to â€star change was utilized to compute the identical opposition of system appeared in figure 3. equal opposition of : The we compute is near stage 1 yet littler than stage 2. At the point when we figure the proportionate opposition of ,we don’t know the inner obstruction of intensity flexibly and we expected the interior obstruction is zero and overlook it in count, so the outcome we compute is like information with evacuation of intensity gracefully. We will compose a custom exposition test on Maximum force move hypothesis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Maximum force move hypothesis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Maximum force move hypothesis explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Paper Help Can Help To Create A Memorable Day

Paper Help Can Help To Create A Memorable DayAlthough some of us really like to get the job done right, others are perfectly happy to let a little paper help take the pain out of doing it. Some people think they're just easy but it's far from it.Paper help is the easiest type of help to receive. You can go to a paper supply store and pick up the job right from the source. You don't have to wait on the delivery guy to pick it up from the shipping company or waste money on additional postage.Paper is never wasted when it's used to solve a problem. Paper isn't one of those things that is going to get tossed in the trash heap because of its use. It's great for many things but some people are more creative than others. If you're the creative type, this may be one of the easier ways to get paper or other supplies to complete a project.Printing has become very popular lately. Almost every product imaginable can be put to paper and printed on. You can find anything from invitations to prints on the internet. For example, if you want to make a wedding invitation but don't want to spend the money on a printed card, there's always the option of using the internet to print a great looking card.You can use many different types of paper to create custom wedding invitations. Of course, if you want a design that really stands out and is something that you love, you might want to consider creating your own paper wedding invitation.Paper help can be used to create a wonderful picture frame. There are all kinds of styles and designs, you can get when using paper for the back of your photo frame. Whether you want to give it a classic look or add some flair, it's a good idea to be creative.Paper help is the best way to create a masterpiece. If you're really busy with multiple jobs, getting one will allow you to stay focused on a project so you won't be wasting valuable time.

Coming to Terms with Race in The White Boy Shuffle - Literature Essay Samples

In his novel The White Boy Shuffle, Paul Beatty conveys what it is like for a young African American male to grow up in Santa Monica, a coastal town heavily populated by chauvinistic Caucasians with social dominance – at least in the eyes of protagonist Gunnar Kaufman. In The White Boy Shuffle, Beatty demonstrates the horrors and absurdities of cultural labels in familial and social settings. Ultimately he shows that for maturing black boys, Americans’ comfort with racism degrades potential success both academically and socially.Gunnar Kaufman is part of two worlds, family and social. His family life is flooded with the realities of ethnic interpretation and gender understanding; it’s where black standards are kept black, where profanity and sexism are a part of everyday life, and where mockery and ridicule are used to demonstrate the sheer acceptance of racism. Gunnar reveals his family as one of slavery heritage. â€Å"I unfurled my gigantic family treeâ⠂¬ ¦the class ooohed the generations of crinkled stick nigger couples holding stick hands†¦I started with Euripides Kaufman†¦the only person ever to runaway into slavery† (Beatty 12). In establishing his family tree, Gunnar in turn puts him and his family in shackles. Every level of heritage up to his own existence has been preserved in a line that subjects itself to the norms of racial standards. Throughout his novel, Paul Beatty uses a great deal of profanity and racist remarks not to demean African American family life at that time, but to grab the attention of the reader and say â€Å"Hey, this is what really went on.† This method of boisterous writing takes a very serious topic like racism and turns it into something friendly and enlightening. Mansbach suggests this style of literature is common in a great deal of Lit-Hop. â€Å"Conversant with race literature and real-life struggle, the characters are able to position themselves in relation to the se traditions, both playfully and seriously† (Mansbach, 95). This drastic approach to race related literature is effective in shedding light on racial intolerance in a way that demonstrates an unhealthy acceptance with struggle and furthermore a necessity for radical change.Gunnar’s family life is riddled with racism and sexism that limit Gunnar’s understanding of gender and race to meager stereotypes defined by his family. â€Å"To my knowledge, no male Kaufman had ever slept with a white woman, not out of lack of jungle hunger or for preservation of racial purity but out of fear. I’d watch my dad talk to white women, drowning them with â€Å"Yes, ma’ams† (Beatty 23). As a maturing boy, Gunnar’s awareness of chauvinism in society is important because he is distinguishing that something is not fair, right, or equal. In essence Gunnar demonstrates he is uncomfortable with racism in America, a depiction that Beatty portrays as rare and valuable. Beatty’s depiction of racism in Gunnar’s family life may or may not be a legitimate representation of racial understanding in African American families, but nonetheless it is a representation that Beatty feels is important to convey. Gunnar also recalls sexist scenarios within his family history. â€Å"There are no comely Kaufman superwomen†¦no nubile black women†¦the women who allied themselves to the Kaufman legacy are invisible† (Beatty 23). Gunnar establishes the harsh reality of the female existence not only in his family but in American society as well. This understanding of what it means to be male or female, black or white, rich or poor, has given Gunnar some perception of what his future may hold for him. His ancestral history and family experiences seem to hold him down, but Gunnar’s apprehension of the potentiality of gender and racial roles in society is the key to unlocking him from a cage of stereotypes. Gunna r strives for distinction. â€Å"They say the fruit never falls far from the tree, but I’ve tried to roll down the hill at least a little bit† (Beatty 24). Gunnar’s ability to differentiate what is right from what is wrong allow him as a maturing young man to pave his own future. With time, Gunnar takes control of his own life with the capacity to resist the norms of falling into patterns of accepting the common stereotypes and discrimination that exist in America.Gunnar’s social life is just as important as his family life in determining his future as a young African American. Gunnar establishes that his social life and educational life work interchangeably to some degree. â€Å"My early education consisted of two types of multiculturalism: classroom multiculturalism, which reduced race, sexual orientation, and gender to inconsequence, and schoolyard multiculturalism, where the kids†¦who knew jokes ruled† (Beatty 28). In this passage, G unnar conveys that his social life revolves around the people he knows at school. At the same time, his educational life revolves around his social life as through experiences and relationships he learns more and more about what it means to be black. Much of his education about race and himself takes place in school, where he is dipped into both black and white cultures. In school, Gunnar and the other students are continuously told that color does not matter, but are quickly reminded that racial barriers are still in place no matter what. â€Å"Our teacher says we’re supposed to be colorblind. That’s hard to do if you can see color†¦Don’t say things like ‘Black people are lecherous, violent, natural born criminals† (Beatty 31). Beatty uses quick wit and racist stereotypes to portray the existence of discrimination even in elementary and middle school. This radical way of writing, as Mansbach suggests, is used in â€Å"attempt to make ra ce approachable, [and] to reflect its complexity (Mansbach 98). Beatty absolutely makes race approachable in this novel and does so in a way that draws out the complications of dealing with black and white vision at an early age. Beatty demonstrates that even at crucial times of development for the human brain, students are being told one thing, color doesn’t matter, yet at the same time are observing another thing, racism is around every corner. This can be very confusing and complex especially in classroom experiences where students are told that everything they learn comes from cold, hard facts.Beatty uses satire to lighten the subject matter to some degree, yet there is no doubt that Gunnar’s accounts of racism are legitimate in shedding light on a topic that is shadowed in black and white. Gunnar recalls his family’s acceptance of black stereotypes: â€Å"What are a few nigger jokes among friends? We Kaufmans have always been the type of niggers who c an take a joke† (Beatty 9). The Kaufmans’ comforts with racial remarks make it hard for Gunnar to dream big; he is essentially trapped to do little more than stand by and accept responsibility for being black. But Gunnar’s recognition of racism in America sets him apart as a child, a student, and a citizen that sees the realities of discrimination and understands what he must do to resist them. Beatty, Mansbach, and so many other Lit-Hop authors use satire to poke and prod at touchy subjects that society has told us we must be careful in talking about. These methods are very unconventional but are tremendously powerful in getting the same point across; Americans are far too content with current racism in society and such comforts make it hard for maturing children to do anything else but subject themselves to the norms of racist pollution. Beatty’s portrait of discrimination in America brings out a great deal of controversial subjects as it is able to â€Å"funnel[ing] the same raw energy into work that takes a stance in the endless struggle for socioeconomic, racial, gender, and sexual equality† (Davis 74). Through pretentiously pointing out the flaws in racial understanding for young African Americans, he in turn is able to point out how lack of racial understanding affects sexism and economic equality as well. Throughout The White Boy Shuffle, racism is addressed in a manner that portrays African Americans as hopeless. Gunnar, as an exception to this cultural law, finds meaning and clear reason to not fall into this hole of Caucasian dominance, but rather dabble and explore at the edges of social and racial barriers. Paul Beatty deliberately pushes buttons through controversial word choice and mockery as a means of portraying racial understanding not as system of tying a person of color down, but rather as a means of discovering potentiality. Throughout the novel, Gunnar matures into a young man who finds meanin g in life and hope for his future. Beatty uses Gunnar as a social icon to demonstrate that racial brands should not define existence. By identifying racial and sexual limitations in society, Gunnar is able to recognize how diverging from stereotypes is the key to successfully coming to terms with not only who you are but, more importantly, who you want to be.

Physical Diversity in the Workplace Essay - 1445 Words

Running head: Physical Diversity in the Workplace Physical Diversity Claim A physical disability is one type of diversity in the workplace because it can cause harassment, discrimination, and occupational hazards. Physical diversity in the Workplace . Diversity encompasses race, religion, gender, background, education, physical disabilities, and more. In life there are so many diversities that one faces. Unfortunately, the workplace is no exception especially for the employee with a physical disability. An employee with a physical disability in the workplace can be hard, but also for a co-worker and employer to accept .The employee with a physical disability may encounter discrimination, harassment, and†¦show more content†¦A motto that would benefit all employees would be the Golden Rule which is do onto others as you would have them do unto you. A physical disability can cause occupational hazards in the work place. A physical disability can cause an occupational hazard in the workplace due to no wheelchair accessible ramps. Occupational hazards in the workplace for employees with physical disabilities are sometimes difficult to acknowledge by the employer. Ramps for employees in wheelchairs may need to be installed if steps are the only entrance into the workplace. Also it may be necessary to install ramps inside the building if there are no elevators that are accessible for the employees. The reason these may be an occupational hazard is because the wheel chair may turn over when trying to maneuver steps, which could cause injuries such as broken bones. A physical disability can also cause occupational hazards in the workplace when there are no handicap accessible doors located in all work spaces. When there are no doors that have sensors, buttons, or ramps available that the disabled can use there is a risk for an occupational hazard. If there are no doors in all works spaces that are handic ap accessible with all the features that should be installed this could cause the disabled to be shut in a door, a wheel to be caught,Show MoreRelatedCultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay968 Words   |  4 Pages Cultural Diversity In The Workplace Sociology 220B There is presently more than 60% percent of the United States work force that consist of immigrants, minorities and woman. Current studies show that in the next 10 – 15 years such groups will rise to 90% in the work force. Today’s leaders are now confronted with the challenges of how to effectively manage the work force that is increasing in the diverse lines of ethnicity, physical ability, race, gender andRead MoreEssay Workplace Diversity1577 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. 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What is the Impact of Drug Abuse on the Health of Teenagers Aged 13-19 in London - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3607 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Literature Review 1.0 Introduction This chapter provides a comprehensive critical literature review of a small number of sources that are considered to be particularly useful in exploring the two key themes of this dissertation. The first of these themes is the impact of drug abuse on the health of the teenagers aged 13-19 in London, while the second is the impact of governmental strategies in tackling drug abuse amongst teenagers aged 13-19 in London. These themes are discussed using the resources selected, and the quality, methodological approach, relevance and ethical and anti-oppressive practices are all part of the critical review. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is the Impact of Drug Abuse on the Health of Teenagers Aged 13-19 in London?" essay for you Create order The chapter finishes with a short summary bringing these key ideas together. 1.1 The Impact of Drug Abuse on the Health of Teenagers Aged 13 – 19 in London The first theme investigates the impact of drug abuse on specific aspects of health on teenagers in London. There are two key sources that form the core of this critical review for this theme. Even so, neither of these relate solely to the target population, and in each case some extrapolation of findings is made in order to describe the likely characteristics of 13 – 19 years’ olds in London. The first is source is the case-controlled study carried out by Di Forti et al (2015:1), and briefly discussed in Chapter Two above. Looking more closely at this study, and reviewing it critically, it still remains a useful article, as it focuses on the mental health impacts of cannabis and shows a clear association between the use of the drug in its high potency form (skunk) and psychosis. It might not at first appear that the study is relevant given that it started in 2005. However, it continued recruiting for over 6 years, and amassed a wealth of data on those individuals abusing drugs – specifically high potency and easily available cannabis. The research study used a primary research methodology. For the recruitment of cases, the authors approached all patients (18 – 65 years) with first episode psychosis presenting at the inpatient units of the South London and Maudsley Hospital. They invited people to participate in the study only if they met the International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria for a diagnosis of non-affective (F20–F29) or affective (F30–F33) psychosis, which they validated by administering the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2). For the controls, the authors used internet and newspaper adverts and also distributed leaflets on public transport and in shops and job centres. The controls were given the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire and were excluded if they met the criteria for a psychotic disorder. While the two groups only included the last t wo years of the target population group for this study i.e. 18 and 19 year olds, it was a study located in London, and on analysis appeared to indicate a number of characteristics that were felt to be useful for providing information that would also be useful for younger teenagers. All participants (cases and controls) included in the study gave written informed consent under the ethical approval obtained from the Institute of Psychiatry Local Research Ethics Committee. There did not appear to be any unethical practices, but the study had the potential to be oppressive as by the nature of the patients presenting at the clinics, and by the nature of their access to skunk, being more likely to be of certain ethnic groups – especially of black West Indian origin – it could be argued that the study to some extent misrepresented the populations of south west London, and more specifically, the West Indian communities found there. In other words, the inclusion of participa nts from these origins might be likely to give observers an unjust view of the ethnic group or of the population of that area of London as a whole. The method used with the participants was quantitative and involved questionnaire assessments, specifically socioeconomic data and the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire modified version (CEQmv) which included data on history of use of alcohol. tobacco, alcohol, any other use of recreational drugs, and detailed information on cannabis use (i.e. first use age, use duration, frequency of use, type of cannabis used) (Di Forti et al, 2015:2). Between 2005 and 2011, the researchers approached 606 patients of which 145 (24%) refused to participate, therefore 461 patients with first-episode psychosis were recruited. Using a range of statistical tests, and adjusting for a number of variables including the variables for frequency of cannabis use and the type of cannabis used, and in combining these the authors found that controls were more like ly to be occasional users of hash, whilst the frequent users were more likely to be using skunk. They also found, using logistic regression, that those people who had started using cannabis at a younger age had a greater risk of developing psychotic episodes (Di Forti et al, 2015:5). The second resource to be analysed was the study by McCardle (2004). This was a literature review focusing on the impacts of substance abuse by children and young people. Although this did not use primary research, it provided a useful analysis of a number of other studies.   Although the age of this study meant that it might have had limited relevance to teenagers in 2017, in fact the study related directly to the findings of the later Di Forti et al study. This was because McCardle (2004:1) found that cannabis was becoming stronger than it had been in the past – just as Di Forti et al found that skunk use was increasing and that it was of a much higher potency than previously. McCardle (20 04:2) also found that there was a range of mental health issues resulting from the use of cannabis, including an increased risk of suicide, and an increase in aggressive, disassociated behaviours, anxiety, depression and other similar problems (McCardle, 2004:2). Another useful aspect of this research was that it identified the problems of terminology relating to the gathering and analysis of data – so many different terms are used that it is often difficult to ascertain accurate trends and outcomes (McCardle, 2004:3). While it would have been preferred to have used a London based source or one that engaged participants of the target age group though a primary method, the lack of sources of academic literature meant that this study was valuable in that it analysed other studies, and also existing datasets from the UK government. The article also focused on the social impacts of cannabis, for example, looking at the developmental impacts, and the negative effects on education, both of which could lead to poor outcomes in terms of quality of life and attainment in later life. The findings from these two articles provided valid evidence of the relationship between the use of cannabis and mental, emotional, social and physical health of teenagers and young people. Although there was limited focus on the population age target group for the dissertation specifically, both articles provided relevant points of interest, and it is possible to extrapolate from them to state that teenagers in London engaged in cannabis abuse are very likely to be at risk of experiencing the various health effects identified above. 3.2 The Impact of Government Strategies in Tackling Drug Abuse Amongst Teenagers Aged 13-19 in London Finding academic research sources that focused on recent government strategies aimed at the target group based in London was very challenging. For the most recent strategy – the Troubled Families Programme, Lambert and Crossley (2017:1) get to the very heart of the ethical and oppressive practices issue, as they argue that this government strategy is one of a wider spectrum of policies that locates problems within the family itself, and which emphasises behaviour as the target for action irrespective of the socio-economic influences that exist. This is a review study – critically reviewing a strategy – and is very current, as the TFP has recently been revisited by the Government, who are considering an extension, despite evidence that it has not met its targets or expected outcomes. While this article is not based on a piece of primary data, the authors have conducted primary data about this issue through interviews in the very recent past, and the article refe rs to these. They have found that TFP has continued the view of target families as an ‘underclass’, as ‘neighbours from hell’ and as expensive and very difficult to ‘treat’. While the TFP took a holistic approach, using one individual or team to work with families on all of their problems, Lambert and Crossley (2017:4), and others (Bonell et al, 2016) argue that the underlying attitude of the Government and of the strategy meant that its approach was unlikely to succeed. 3.3 Summary This chapter showed that there were clearly associated health impacts with the use of cannabis; some of these impacts were severe, and often included mental illness and behavioural change, especially where high potency cannabis was used. It also showed that despite many years of government strategies and policies, there still does not appear to be a solution that can reduce the use or impacts of cannabis and other drugs. The final chapter provides a reflection on the research undertaken for this dissertation, and provides some brief conclusions and recommendations. CHAPTER FOUR – REFLECTIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.0 Introduction In this final chapter, three tasks are completed. First, a reflective account of the research is undertaken. In research and practice, reflection on a task and outcome is very important because it provides the author with the opportunity to look back and learn from their actions. There are in fact two types of reflection, both of which might be applicable to this work. The first definition is that of ‘reflection’ which is considered to be a ‘process or activity’ that involves thinking and is judged to include cognitive processes of problem finding and problem solving (Leitch and Day, 2000:180). The second type of reflection is that of ‘reflective practice’. This is the use of reflection and reflective skills to transfer learnt knowledge i.e. theories to the application of those theories to the everyday practices of an individual. It has been shown to be very important for individual practitioners as it aids their ability to learn from their ac tions and associated outcomes, and enables them to develop improvements based on experience and theoretical knowledge (White et al, 2016:9). There are two main models of reflection that can be used to support the reflective researcher or the reflective practitioner. These are Kolb’s model of experiential learning (Kolb, 1984) and Gibbs’ reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988). Gibbs developed his model as a refinement of the earlier Kolb model, and it is Gibbs’ model that is used in this dissertation. Figure 1: Gibbs Model of Reflection (Park and Son, 2011:2) The Gibbs Model provides a researcher with the opportunity to gain a deep understanding of what they have learned (Park and Kastanis, 2009:11) and the strengths and weaknesses of their work, their underlying values, the insufficiency of their approach, and areas of improvement (Park and Son, 2012:3). For these reasons the Gibbs Model will be applied below. 4.1 Reflection on the Process of the Research 4.1.1 The Experience The process of writing the dissertation was both challenging and enjoyable. It was enjoyable because any research activity is one of problem solving and of searching for information, and these two activities can be very satisfying when they result in finding out something new. While primary research is often seen as the most valid form of activity, in fact secondary research, based as it is on the gathering of existing data, and the synthesis of that data to suggest new outcomes or findings, can be just as valid, and just as difficult as carrying out processes that collect new or primary data. 4.1.2 The Challenges and the Achievements As alluded to a number of times throughout this dissertation there were a number of difficulties or challenges. The choice of the topic was in retrospect a good one because it focussed on a population group in a particular location, London, that had clearly received little research focus previously. While there has been substantial data gathered on drug use and abuse more generally in the UK and more generally across age ranges, very little has been done in relation to the 13 – 19 year old age group. In fact, it was this aspect that caused the greatest difficulty in completing the dissertation – the lack of resources and data available that were relevant to this age group, in London, for any kind of drug abuse other than newspaper articles that often used the issue of drug abuse in relation to crime, ethnic minorities or deprivation, meant that the data that was available had to be used carefully. For example, it was possible to obtain academic resources such as that of Di Forti et al, that looked at drug abuse, specifically, cannabis, in London, but only two years of respondents in that study (18 and 19 year olds) fit into this dissertation, whilst the study by McCardle (2004) provided relevance to the wider age group (15 – 24) but was not based in London, so could point to so me useful outcomes but did not have specific locational knowledge. In relation to the strategies developed to address the issue, again the resources of an academic nature were very limited, made even more challenging because the most recent strategies, i.e. those that had occurred in the past five years, have yet to undergo much academic analysis, but as they are a very different approach from those used a decade or so ago, there is little point in trying to evaluate those older approaches. Despite the difficulties outlined above, it was felt that there were a number of positives obtained from the research. As there was such a dearth of resources available, this dissertation appears to provide new research and new analysis of data for this group of the population in this location. As a result, the author felt that the validity of their choice of topic and their research approach was justified to some extent. In terms of time management, it was felt that the research was planned w ell, and even though the search for data and resources took longer than expected, it was still possible to incorporate the timing required into the overall research schedule. The research also challenged the overall beliefs and judgements held by the author at the start of the process. Whilst it was felt that some degree of knowledge was held about these issues, there were some preconceptions held about the type of teenagers that participated in drug abuse. The gathering of the data enabled the author to begin to challenge those preconceptions especially in relation to the factors that cause people of this age to start abusing drugs. This new understanding allowed the author to start to view the issues differently. 4.1.3 Changes Required There are a number of changes that could be implemented to make the research easier and to address the question of limited resources. Firstly, the age range would be extended to include children from the age of 0 years to 24 or 25 years, as th is would enable a greater number of data sources to be used, and they could be more easily analysed and extrapolation made for teenage years. Second, the inclusion of drug abuse by parents impacting on the health of their children would be included, as this issue has consistently emerged as a key problem for children and teenagers throughout the data collection, and can be a major factor in determining whether teenagers participate in drug use and abuse. Finally, although London would still be the locational focus, because a lot of data that is collected for London and the South-East, the locational boundaries would be stretched to incorporate this area within the research.   If these changes were put into place, it would be a positive exercise to undertake the research process again to see if it was possible to obtain data and achieve findings that were even more valuable than those already developed. 4.1.4 Applying the Gibb’s Model of Reflection Figure 2: Biggsâ€℠¢ Reflective Model Applied to This Research Having applied Gibbs’ model of reflection it is helpful to see that the reflection that is carried out in stages can lead to a targeted plan of action, which can form the framework for new research. Gibbs’ model does not necessarily allow for complexity, however, as it is a linear-cyclical model, and used in this way cannot represent the many complexities and variables that characterise the issue of drug abuse amongst teenagers. 4.2 Conclusions The research question that this dissertation set out to examine was: What patterns of drug abuse occur amongst teenagers in London, and what are the causes, health impacts and possible solutions? Despite the difficulties in obtaining specific data for teenagers aged 13 – 19 in London, there was sufficient information available to be able to provide an answer to this research question. From the prevalence perspective, the data showed that while the prevalence of drug abuse was decreasing overall, there were areas of London that had disproportionately higher levels, especially amongst specific ethnic groups. However, amongst all drug abusers, cannabis was the most used drug. The causes of drug abuse amongst teenagers was found to be a complex mixture of environmental, emotional, mental health and peer pressure related factors, meaning that addressing the problem is always going to be challenging for policy makers and healthcare providers. In relation to the health imp acts, the previous chapter has revealed that there is clear evidence that its use can be clearly associated with health outcomes of mental health including psychosis and the development of schizophrenia for drug abusers of any age. Not only that, but it is also quite apparent that teenagers engaging in drug abuse are much more likely to experience other health related problems because of their attitude to risk, and their participation in high-risk behaviours when they are under the influence of the drug. These other problems include contracting STIs, teenage pregnancy, the taking of other drugs and substances that have more severe health impacts, participating in criminal activities that can lead to violence in an attempt to obtain money to buy drugs and so on. Looking at the strategy that has most recently been developed to try and address the problem of teenage drug use in London, it is apparent that it has not succeeded in its aims, objectives or targets. This seems to be the result largely of the oppressive nature of all such strategies held by UK Governments over recent years – an attitude that views those with drug abuse and other problems, as ‘problem families’ that need to be ‘solved’, instead of trying to really understand what it is about society in general that leads to such families existing in the first place. A focus on social, economic and environmental issues rather than on the families themselves might result in a better outcome. 4.3 Recommendations Having carried out a review of the literature surrounding this issue, there are some key recommendations that can immediately be made. The first of these recommendations relates to the data available for this issue – as indicated previously, one of the challenges of completing this dissertation was the paucity of data relating to the specific population being studied. It is, therefore, recommended, that research studies, or government agencies collecting data, should target this age group specifically when data is being collected about drug use or abuse. An alternative to this is for researchers to obtain the raw data from the various data collection agencies and sources, and to extrapolate the data that crosses the boundaries of the targeted populations group, and reprocess that data for the target age group. The second recommendation relates not to the data, but to the issues. It appears that controlling the availability of drugs is difficult, especially as there are so ma ny types, and some, like cannabis, appear to be regularly available. As there seems to be an ongoing reduction in the number of young people using these illegal drugs, it would seem sensible to capitalise on this trend by providing better educational initiatives to inform people of the dangers to their health. It would also be appropriate to try and determine which factors were most likely to cause teenagers to start abusing drugs and to find ways of addressing these factors more effectively than has been the case to date. References Bonell, C., McKee, M., and Fletcher, A. (2016). Troubled Families, Troubled Policy making. BMJ, 355, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5879. Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S., Trotta, A., Bonomo, M., Bianconi, F., Gardner-Sood, P., O’Connor, J., Russo, M., Stilo, S.A., Marques, T.R., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., David, A.S., Gaughran, F., Atakan, Z., Iyegbe, C., Powell, J., Morgan, C., Lynskey, M., and Murray, R.M. (2015). Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5 Gibbs, G. (1998). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning. London: FEU. Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall Lambert, M., and Crossley, S. (2017). ‘Getting with the (Troubled Families) Programme’: A Review. Social Policy and Society, 16(1), pp. 87 – 97. Leitch, R., and Day, C. (2000). Action Research and Reflective Practice: Towards a Holistic View. Educational Action Research, 8(1), pp. 179 – 193. McCardle, P. (2004). Substance Abuse by Children and Young People. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89(8), pp.701 Park, J.Y., and Kastanis, L.S. (2009). Reflective learning through social network sites in design education. International Journal of Learning,16(8), 11-22. Park, J.Y., and Son, J.B. (2011). Expression and Connection: The Integration of the Reflective Learning Process and the Public Writing Process into Social Network Sites. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 7(1), pp. 1 – 6. White, P., Laxton, J., and Brooke, R. (2016). Reflection: Importance, Theory and Practice. Leeds: University of Leeds.

The Rationale For Raising External Loan - 1278 Words

Nigeria and indeed almost all the African countries are now facing an unprecedented debt crisis never known in the history of the continent. The rationale for raising external loan has always been to bridge the domestic resource gap in order to accelerate economic development. This is because nations just like individuals need loans to augment domestic resources. Nigeria decides to borrow in order to finance specific projects. As at today, Nigeria Local and international debt stands at US $60 billion according to The Vice President Yemi Osinbajo. Nigeria debt did not just happen overnight because during some of the successive governments and administration since Nigeria independent from the periods of General Obasanjo’s regime (1976-1979) till Babangida and Abacha regimes (1985-1998), surprisingly, caused the nation’s ‘boast’ to begin to fade. Then, it was discovered that to keep moving, Nigeria had to take foreign loans. 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